Malaysia dalam Arus Feminisme Global: Pembangunan Wanita dan Hubungan Antarabangsa Malaysia

Abstract

Feminisme adalah wacana dan pergerakan yang bertujuan mengubah ketidakseimbangan gender dalam masyarakat yang mengutamakan lelaki (patriachal society). Feminisme telah berkembang pesat, meliputi empat arus utama serta berevolusi ‘dari bawah ke atas’. Dinamika dan fokus perjuangan yang bermula daripada peringkat masyarakat sehingga ke arena antarabangsa menunjukkan keterangkuman penglibatan aktor negara dan bukan negara. Menggunakan pendekatan Feminisme dalam Politik dan Hubungan Antarabangsa, makalah ini menjelaskan bagaimana dinamika pembangunan wanita di Malaysia menjadi sebahagian arus feminisme global. Apabila PBB meraikan Hari Wanita Antarabangsa 1975, Malaysia memainkan peranan antarabangsa aktif dalam Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) dan Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) serta menubuhkan agensi tempatan, National Advisory Council on the Integration of Women in Development (NACIWID). Perbincangan makalah berfokus kepada tiga bahagian utama. Pertama, menghuraikan perkembangan aliran utama dalam feminisme dan interaksinya dengan disiplin hubungan antarabangsa. Kedua, akibat daripada kepesatan wacana genderisasi atau feminisme dalam politik, rangka kerja wanita dalam pembangunan (women in development WID), wanita dan pembangunan (women and development WAD), serta gender dan pembangunan (gender and development GAD) menjadi penanda aras menerangkan emansipasi wanita dalam pengubalan polisi. Pada bahagian ketiga, kajian turut mengaplikasikan model tersebut di Malaysia.

Abstract: Feminism is a discourse and movement that aims to change the gender imbalance in a patriarchal society. Feminism has proliferated, covering four mainstreams and evolving 'from the bottom up'. The dynamics, focus, and struggle that start from the community up to the international level show the inclusive involvement of state and non-state actors. Using Feminism approaches in Politics and International Relations, this paper explains how the dynamics of women's development in Malaysia have become part of contemporary global feminism. When the UN celebrated International Women's Day in 1975, Malaysia played an active international role in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). It established a local agency, the National Advisory Council on the Integration of Women in Development (NACIWID). The paper is divided into three major parts. First, interactions between feminism and International Relations will be explored. Second, because of gendering politics, the framework of women in development (WID), women and development (WAD), as well as gender and development (GAD) have become a benchmark for explaining women's emancipation in policy formulation. Finally, the study also applies the model in Malaysia. Arguably Malaysia's earliest roles and international activism explain the inclusion of Malaysia's lessons in transnational feminism and the country's contribution to women's development despite the prevalent patriarchal attributes.

Keywords: Global feminism, women's development, CEDAW, SDGs and NACIWID in Malaysia, WID, WAD, GAD