Abolishing Military and Cultivating Pacifism in Costa Rica: Reflective but Limited Peace?
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Abstract: Existing literature on peace, security and civil-military relations in Latin America only recently recognises the historical institutional sources of Costa Rican exceptionalism. While the Cold War's security predicament and the military dictatorship are common antecedents for most Central American states, Costa Rican demilitarisation and pacifism origins are unique and incomparable. Rather than treating post-1948 civil war development as exceptionalism, this paper seeks to normalise their success. The paper examines the political development of Costa Ricans in the 1950s and whether José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer's historic decision to permanently abolish the military after the war helped to explain the institutionalisation process of organic civilian peace. This article reinvigorates Costa Rican exceptionalism. It analyses the cultivation of pacificism of those who have made the right choices in the face of adverse circumstances. The path dependence on national progress in education, health, and productivity only confirmed the unique political trajectory of Costa Rica, wherein they cannot be easily replicated or comparable. Understanding this distinctiveness should serve as a reminder of any renewed debate of Costa Rican exceptionalism in Central American security or democratic peace theory in liberal peacebuilding.
Keywords: culture of peace in Costa Rica, military abolishment in Costa Rica, security and peace in Latin America, civil-military relation in Central America,
DOI: 10.17576/sinergi.0202.2022.02
Article information: Submission date: 8 August 2021; Acceptance date: 16 Mac 2022; Publication date: 31 December 2022.
Declaration and acknowledgement: The Author would like to express gratitude to SINERGI's anonymous reviewers for their constructive feedback, which improved the quality of the manuscript. The author is also immensely grateful for their comments on earlier versions of the draft. No potential conflict of interest has been reported. This research received no specific grant from any public, commercial, or not-for-profit sector funding agency. The authors remain indebted to all support and confidential interviews during the fieldwork.
Abstrak: Literatur sedia ada mengenai keamanan, keselamatan dan hubungan sivil-tentera di Amerika Latin mulai meneroka pendekatan institusionalisme sejarah dalam menerangka fenomea luar biasa Costa Rica. Walaupun situasi keselamatan sewaktu Perang Dingin dan lumrah pemerintahan diktator tentera mendasari perkembangan kebanyakan negara Amerika Tengah, peristiwa menyahmilitarisasi Costa Rica dan asal-usul pasifisme negara itu adalah unik dan tiada tandingannya di rantau tersebut. Menolak tanggapan perkembangan pasca-1948 perang saudara di Costa Rica sebagai luar biasa, kajian menunjukkan perkembangan di Costa Rica adalah normal. Makalah ini mengkaji perkembangan politik Costa Rica semenjak tahun 1950-an dan menilai sama ada keputusan bersejarah José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer untuk menghapuskan tentera untuk selamanya membantu menjelaskan proses penginstitusian keamanan awam yang organik. Walaupun keputusan Costa Rica untuk menolak hak pertahanannya sentiasa diperbesar-besarkan sebagai sesuatu yang "progresif" dan luar biasa semasa Perang Dingin. Realiti hubungan antara pemansuhan tentera, pasifisme dan keamanan demokrasi sebenar bersifat pelbagai dimensi dan kompleks. Makalah ini menilai semula penghapusan tentera di Costa Rica. Kajian ini turut menganalisis pembudayaan pasifisme dalam menghadapi keadaan yang buruk. Mempertimbangkan pendekatan institusisionalisme sejarah dalam menyelidik sejarah keamanan tempatan, makalah turut menjelaskan persimpangan kritikal yang membawa pembentukan keamanan yang unik, sehingga akhirnya membawa keputusan untuk menghapuskan tentera di Costa Rica. Kebergantungan laluan pada kemajuan negara dalam pendidikan, kesihatan dan produktiviti hanya mengesahkan trajektori politik unik Costa Rica, yang juga perkembangan negara tersebut tidak boleh diadaptasi atau dibandingkan dengan negara lain secara mudah. Hal ini menjadi peringatan terhadap sebarang perdebatan baharu mengenai luar biasanya Costa Rica dalam keselamatan Amerika Tengah atau dalam perbahasan teori keamanan demokratik dalam pembinaan keamanan liberal.
Kata kunci: budaya keamanan di Costa Rica, penghapusan tentera di Costa Rica, hubungan svil-tentera di Amerika Tengah
DOI: 10.17576/sinergi.0202.2022.02
Maklumat artikel: Tarikh Penghantaran: 8 Ogos 2021; Tarikh penerimaan: 16 Mac 2022; Tarikh penerbitan: 31 Disember 2022.
Penghargaan dan pengisytiharan: Penulis ingin merakamkan ucapan terima kasih kepada Pewasit bebas tanpa nama SINERGI dan maklum balas membina mereka dalam meningkatkan kualiti manuskrip. Penulis juga amat berterima kasih atas komen mereka pada versi awal draf. Tiada potensi konflik kepentingan dilaporkan. Penyelidikan ini tidak menerima geran khusus daripada mana-mana agensi pembiayaan dalam sektor awam, komersial atau bukan untuk keuntungan. Penulis tetap terhutang budi kepada semua sokongan dan temu bual sulit semasa kerja lapangan.
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