Indonesian Maritime Threats: A Preliminary Study

Abstract

Abstract: During the Cold War, security threats focused on the arms race between the world's two major powers, the United States and the Soviet Union. With the end of the Cold War, this threat seemed to have changed because it also involved non-military issues. Nevertheless, maritime issues have often become the focus of debate among scholars. Indonesia is the world's largest maritime country and faces various maritime threats. The problem is what kinds of maritime threats do Indonesia face? Based on preliminary reviews, observations in maritime seminars and open interviews with academics and government officials, this research found that the types of military and non-military threats are, among others, terrorism, sea piracy, smuggling, illegal fishing, navigation threats, asylum seekers, sea boundary problems, climate change, natural disasters and many others. These threats indicate how important it is for the various agencies involved to work together to address maritime security threats because they pose national security problems. 

Keywords: maritime countries, maritime threats, military threats, non-military threats, national security,

Abstrak: Pada era Perang Dingin, ancaman keselamatan berfokus terhadap peperangan senjata antara dua kuasa besar dunia iaitu Amerika Syarikat dan Soviet Union. Dengan berakhirnya Perang Dingin, ancaman ini seolah-olah berubah kerana ia turut melibatkan ancaman bukan ketenteraan. Walau pun begitu, isu maritim sering menjadi tumpuan perdebatan para sarjana. Indonesia adalah negara maritim terbesar di dunia dan menghadapi pelbagai ancaman maritim. Permasaalahannya, apakah ancaman keselamatan maritim yang dihadapi oleh Indonesia? Berdasarkan sorotan awalan, pemerhatian dalam seminar maritim dan temubual terbuka di kalangan ahli akademik dan pegawai kerajaan, kajian ini mendapati bahawa ancaman-ancaman keselamatan ketenteraan dan bukan ketenteraan yang dikenal pasti antara lain adalah keganasan, pelanunan, penyeludupan, kegiatan penagkapan ikan haram, ancaman aktiviti pelayaran dan perkapalan, pencari suaka, permasalahan sempadan perairan, perubahan iklim, bencana alam dan sebagainya. Ancaman-ancaman ini memberi petunjuk terhadap pentingnya penglibatan pelbagai agensi untuk bekerjasama demi mengatasi isu ancaman keselamatan maritim kerana ia menimbulkan masalah terhadap keselamatan nasional.  

Keywords: negara-negara maritim, ancaman maritim, ancaman ketenteraan, ancaman bukan-ketenteraan, keselamatan nasional,